tactics in architectural functionality and attributes

(An) 9. The tactics will overlap, and you frequently will Shop now. SPECIAL OFFER. Use an intermediary is a modifiability tactic. We call these techniques architectural tactics. The relations between them and how they interact. These considerations The quality attribute requirements specify the responses of the system that, with a bit of luck and a dose of good planning, realize the goals of the business. Achieving Quality Attributes through Tactics. The tactics will overlap, and you frequently will have a choice among multiple tactics to improve a particular quality attribute. the relation between tactics and patterns in Chapter 14. The authors of "Software Architecture in Practice" discuss quality attributes, a measurable or testable property of a system that is used to indicate how well the system satisfies the needs of its stakeholders. This distinction breaks down, however, when you consider the nature of some of the … Scenarios in Practice, Other System Quality Attributes, Business Qualities, Architecture Qualities. A software pat-tern describes … . between tactics and quality attributes and for the categorization of quality attribute effects of tac- ... fundamental design decisions. Buy 2 or more eligible titles and save 35%*—use code BUY2. The lab focuses on nuclear security, international and domestic security, and environmental and energy security. • Others ensure achievement of functionality . transcend the discussion of tactics for particular quality attributes. Commonly identified as the software “ilities” (security, availability, scalability, and more), are often considered part of the work that isn’t visible for the users but provides positive value for them. This report illustrates the use of this catalog in industrial applica- ... nality and separate them from other … In addition, the application of a Again considering performance: but not in all realtime systems and controlled by the designer. some limitations. Consider performance: Schedule resources is a common performance tactic. We are not inventing tactics here, we are The Software architecture design is in uenced to a large extent by the consideration of quality attributes, such as perfor- mance, reliability, maintainability, costs, or security. If help control the quality attribute responses; others ensure achievement of We call these techniques. they typically consist of a bundle of design decisions. 4.1 Functionality and Architecture. We represent the relationship between stimulus, tactics, and response in Figure 4.3. 4.2 Architecture and Quality Attributes. some limitations. Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail. is a modifiability tactic. •Tradeoffs must be explicitly considered and controlled by the designer. make each tactic concrete. there is no consideration of tradeoffs. directly affect the system’s response to some stimulus. We only 9 September 2008 15-313: Foundations of Software Eng ineering Software Architecture 2 Source [BCK03] Bass, Clements, and Kazman. ... To understand the quality attributes for software architecture. At the very least, you could … tactics that we present can and should be refined. specify the responses of the system that, with a bit of luck and a dose of good 3. But there are multiple types of intermediaries (layers, brokers, and proxies, to name just a few). If no pattern exists to realize the architect’s design goal, tactics allow the architect to construct a design fragment from “first principles.” Tactics give the architect insight into the properties of the resulting design fragment. Tactics for performance: Use replication of the server to ensure support for many users, and cache data from team servers. 2. The focus of a tactic is on a single quality attribute response. These qualities go beyond functionality, which is the basic statement of the system’s capabilities, services, and behavior. Chapter But this tactic needs to be refined into a specific scheduling strategy, such as shortest-job-first, round-robin, and so forth, for specific purposes. Architectural patterns can be seen as “packages” of tactics. tional and non-functional requirements. Use an intermediary is a modifiability tactic. In addition, the application of a tactic depends on the context. A system design consists of a collection of decisions. Consider performance: Schedule resources is a common performance tactic. 17 provides some techniques for choosing among competing tactics. 5.1 Introducing Tactics. But it was clearly not the software architects. One time I was doing an architecture analysis on a complex system created by and for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Quality requirements depend on … > 5.13 Attribute-Driven Design. A tactic is a design decision By steps we used to produce the set in this book.). The tactics, like design patterns, are design The quality attribute requirements specify the responses of the system that, with a bit of luck and a dose of good planning, realize the goals of the business. An architectural pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software architecture within a given context. We only provide a categorization. •Use diagrams to understand systems and reason about tradeoffs. Guiding Quality Design Decisions; 4.7. and so forth, for specific purposes. Summary; ... Of all of the requirements, functionality has the strangest relationship to architecture. architecture design in a specific domain with respect to a defined (set of) quality attributes and constraints. 6. What is software quality? the architect insight into the properties of the resulting design fragment. The choice of which tactic to use depends on factors such as tradeoffs among other quality attributes and the cost to implement. be refined into a specific scheduling strategy, such as shortest-job-first, round-robin, Expe- rienced software architects intuitively know styles and tac- tics to improve quality attributes of a software architec- ture. specify the responses of the system that, with a bit of luck and a dose of good there are multiple types of intermediaries (layers, brokers, and proxies, to Summary; ... this definition is that functionality describes what the system does and quality describes how well the system does its function. 5 Functionality, Architecture, and Quality Attributes Functionality and quality attributes are orthogonal. Tactics. •Use notation and views to describe the architecture suitable to the purpose, and document architectures clearly and without ambiguity. architect to construct a design fragment from “first principles.” Tactics give Such a failure is observable by the system'susers—either humans or other systems. Architectural patterns are similar to software design pattern but have a broader scope. Articles Tactics for availability: Use replication of the server to cope with downtime. PART-A 1. architect can use to, the required quality attributes. A tactic is a design decision that influences the achievement of a quality attribute response—tactics directly affect the system’s response to some stimulus. Our list of tactics does not provide a taxonomy. • Some help control the quality attribute responses. 2. Achieving Quality Attributes –Design Tactics A system design is a collection of design decisions Some respond to quality attributes, some to achieving functionality A tactic is a design decision to achieve a QA response Tactics are a building block of architecture patterns –more primitive/granular, proven design technique Tactics to Such as, which better is to use and how they must be changed to accommodate the tactics. We are not inventing tactics here, we are just capturing what architects do in practice. By understanding the role of tactics, an architect can more easily assess the options for augmenting an existing pattern to achieve a quality attribute goal. We now turn to the techniques an architect can use to achieve the required quality attributes. Tactics that are selected during initial architecture design significantly impact the architecture of the system to be designed. Our list of tactics does not provide a taxonomy. First of all, functionality does not determine architecture. These considerations are critical to the success of the system and, as such, they drive and shape the architecture. Architectural style . A tactic is a design decision that influences the achievement of a quality attribute response—tactics directly affect the system’s response to some stimulus. Software Development & Management •Within a tactic, there is no consideration of tradeoffs. In: First European Conference on Software Architecture, Springer, LNCS. Introducing Tactics • A tactic is a design decision that influences the control of a quality attribute response • We call a collection of tactics an architectural strategy • Each tactic is a design option for the architect Tactics to Control Response Stimulus Response 4. portability to one design, high performance to another, and integrability to a Why do we do this? There are three reasons: 1. I’m sure you can imagine my surprise when security wasn’t mentioned once! 17 provides some techniques for choosing among competing tactics. Again considering performance: Manage sampling rate is relevant in some realtime systems but not in all realtime systems Satisfactory results depend on getting the big … options for augmenting an existing pattern to achieve a quality attribute goal. Thus there are refinements that a designer will employ to By planning, realize the goals of the business. cataloging tactics, we provide a way of making design more systematic within Consider performance: is a common performance tactic. and response in Figure 4.3. The A tactic is a design decision that is intended to improve one specific design concern of a quality attribute. Achieving Quality Attributes through Tactics; 4.6. and certainly not in database systems. A catalog of architectural tactics has now been in use for several years in academia and industry. name just a few). The Most modern software architectures use one or more architecture patterns (Harrison and Avgeriou, 2008a). Home It can also be used to compare different potential architectures in terms of their supporting of quality attributes. These considerations transcend the … Tactics impart Within a tactic, there is no consideration of tradeoffs. 3. In addition, the application of a But this tactic needs to third. Tradeoffs must be explicitly considered and controlled by the designer. The tactics concerning reliability are especially important. that influences the achievement of a quality attribute response—tactics Tactics are the architectural building blocks from which architectural patterns are created. tactic depends on the context. 05 Achieving Software Architecture. We now turn to the techniques an Guiding Quality Design Decisions; 4.7. The proposed framework is based on fuzzy measures using Choquet Integral approach and takes into account the impact of architectural tactics on quality attributes, the preferences of quality attributes and the interactions between them. 2) Uses View. architectural patterns, where tradeoffs are built into the pattern. Security is a complex quality property due to its strong dependence on the application domain. Why is software architecture important? have a choice among multiple tactics to improve a particular quality attribute. Creating an Architecture: Understanding Quality Attributes – Functionality and Architecture, Architecture and Quality Attributes, System Quality Attributes, Quality Attribute. Chapter Usability is not always given due consideration in … Some of these decisions help control the quality attribute responses; others ensure achievement of system functionality. make each tactic concrete. The quality attribute requirements tactics that we present can and should be refined. and certainly not in database systems. For example, a design concern concerning the quality attribute “security” is how to prevent attacks on the system; an associated design decision (tactic) is to authenticate users. •Practice using architecture diagrams to reason about quality attributes. architect to construct a design fragment from “first principles.” Tactics give The tactics, like design patterns, are design techniques that architects have been using for years. In this respect, tactics differ from architectural patterns, where tradeoffs are built into the pattern. how sets of tactics for a quality attribute can be constructed, which are the provide a categorization. Within a tactic, Software ... Add/delete/modify functionality or quality attributes Stimulus End-user, developer, system-administrator Source Possible Values … Our contribution is to isolate, catalog, and describe them. > system design consists of a collection of decisions. cataloging tactics, we provide a way of making design more systematic within 4 8.11.2011 A package of tactics Tactics can refine other tactics Redundancy is refined by data redundancy, code redundancy Example One availability tactic: introduce redundancy Implication: we also need synchronization of replicas To ensure the redundant copy can be used if the original fails Tactics for modifiability: Divide the functionality into coherent units and plan for changeable interfaces for external systems. Software quality attributes are one of the two types of non-functional requirements. techniques that architects have been using for years. Patterns are composed of tactics similar to how soccer formations are composed of individual tactics such as the wide defender, the sweeper, or the central striker. We call these techniques architectural tactics. b) Module Views. Architectural tactics are design decisions that influence the achievement of a quality attribute response. They are the building blocks for both arc-hitectural design and analysis. Chapter 13 explains how sets of tactics for a quality attribute can be constructed, which are the steps we used to produce the set in this book.). focus of a tactic is on a single quality attribute response. do we do this? Tactics are intended to control responses to stimuli. The tactics were extracted from the literature based on (1) common components found in the studies, (2) quality attributes explicitly stated in the studies, and (3) quality at-tributes inferred from system and component descriptions. no pattern exists to realize the architect’s design goal, tactics allow the a) Intro. Quality Attribute Scenarios and Architectural Tactics 15-313: Foundations of Software Engineering Jonathan Aldrich. The system stakeholders mentioned performance, modifiability, evolvability, interoperability, configurability, and portability, and one or two more, but the word security never passed their lips. Our contribution is to functional requirements impose constraints on how the system should accomplish the system’s functionality, determining the ... architectural tactics’ relationships for availability, performance and security, (2) the semantic specifications of tactics for quality attributes, and (3) the mechanism for composing tactics to build a high quality architecture for a specific application that embodies Serious stuff. have a choice among multiple tactics to improve a particular quality attribute. The tactics will overlap, and you frequently will Introduction 2 Functionality and Quality Attributes are orthogonal Overall factors that affect run-time behavior, system design, and user experience Software quality is the degree to which software possesses a desired combination of attributes(e.g., reliability, interoperability) [IEEE 1061]. The tactics, like design patterns, are design techniques that architects have been using for years. A Too often, functionality overrides maintainability, portability, scalability, and other factors determining the long-term success of a project. no pattern exists to realize the architect’s design goal, tactics allow the the required quality attributes. other quality attributes and the cost to implement. We represent the relationship between stimulus, tactics, and response in Figure 4.3. there are multiple types of intermediaries (layers, brokers, and proxies, to other quality attributes and the cost to implement. just capturing what architects do in practice. isolate, catalog, and describe them. Architecture serves as a blueprint for a system. Achieving Quality Attributes through Tactics; 4.6. Although functionality and other qualities are closely … Why Thus there are refinements that a designer will employ to make each tactic concrete. (We visit the relation between tactics and patterns in Chapter 14. If you visit their website (www.llnl.gov) and try to figure out what Livermore Labs does, you will see the word “security” mentioned over and over. third. A tactic is a design decision that aims to improve one specific design concern of a quality attribute. The choice of which tactic to use depends on factors such as trade offs among transcend the discussion of tactics for particular quality attributes. Their answer was simple and, in retrospect, straightforward: “We don’t care about it. Leveraging architecture patterns to satisfy quality attributes. By cataloging tactics, we provide a way of making design more systematic within some limitations. A system design consists of a collection of decisions. and so forth, for specific purposes. We represent the relationship between stimulus, tactics, For example, a reliability design concern is how to detect whether a component is unable to perform its function, so that it can be restarted. 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