rhododendron in pakistan

Maximovicz used flower bud position and its relationship with leaf buds to create eight "Sections". Corolla not light purple, 0.6-2 cm long. [51] Azaleas are frequently used around foundations and occasionally as hedges, and many larger-leafed rhododendrons lend themselves well to more informal plantings and woodland gardens, or as specimen plants. [11], Although Rhododendrons had been known since the description of Rhododendron hirsutum by Charles de l'Écluse (Clusius) in the sixteenth century, and were known to classical writers (Magor 1990), and referred to as Chamaerhododendron (low-growing rose tree), the genus was first formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum in 1753. Following the cladistic analysis of Goetsch et al. Information on rhododendrons at the Ericaceae web pages of Dr. Kron at Wake Forest University. In addition to the two separate genera included under Rhododendron by Chamberlain (Ledum, Tsusiophyllum), Goetsch et al.. added Menziesia (Clade C). Chief amongst these were Maximovicz's Rhododendreae Asiae Orientali[23] and Planchon.   Calyx 5-lobed, often very small. Both species and hybrid rhododendrons (including azaleas) are used extensively as ornamental plants in landscaping in many parts of the world, including both temperate and subtemperate regions. Rhododendron niveum is the state tree of Sikkim in India. It is the national flower of Nepal, the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in the United States, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India.   A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. Leaf surfaces scaly on both the sides. 1000 and Rs. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Thailand. Corolla scarlet crimson. (2002) used ITS sequences[40] to determine a cladistic analysis. of Ericaceae; chiefly distributed in the mountains of Eastern Asia, the Himalayas, South West China, New Guinea, North America and certain parts of Europe. Later, it was recognized that honey resulting from these plants has a slightly hallucinogenic and laxative effect. cinnamomeum [Wallich ex] Lindley. Corolla scarlet crimson. For a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain systems, see Goetsch et al. [48] It is an introduced species, spreading in woodland areas and replacing the natural understory. [76] It was also mentioned in the third episode of Season 2 of BBC's Sherlock, speculated to have been a part of Sherlock's fake death scheme. [2] (See schemata under Subgenera) (Table 1. Stamens included, Calyx segments orbicular. Rhododendron is also the provincial flower of Jiangxi, China and the state flower of Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union. The four sections of Pentanthera between clades B and C, with two each, while Azaleastrum had one section in each of A and C. Thus subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera needed to be disassembled, and Rhododendron, Hymenanthes and Tsutsusi correspondingly expanded. (2005)[2] and by Craven et al. [citation needed], In Daphne Du Maurier's novel Rebecca, the character of Rebecca is associated with "blood red" rhododendrons throughout the novel, perhaps due to the toxic roots of the plant mirroring the poisonous character of Rebecca. The next major attempt at classification was by Sleumer who from 1934 began incorporating the Balfourian series into the older hierarchical structure of subgenera and sections, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, culminating in 1949 with his "Ein System der Gattung Rhododendron L.",[28] and subsequent refinements. (2005) with RPB2,[2] there began an ongoing realignment of species and groups within the genus, based on evolutionary relationships. In some areas, larger rhododendrons can be pruned to encourage more tree-like form, with some species such as Rhododendron arboreum and R. falconeri eventually growing to 10–15 m or more tall. The major finding of Goetsch and colleagues was that all species examined (except R. camtschaticum, subgenus Therorhodion) formed three major clades which they labelled A, B and C, with the subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes nested within clades A and B as monophyletic groups respectively.   Some hybrids have fragrant flowers[67]—such as the Loderi hybrids, created by crossing Rhododendron fortunei and R. Ovary glabrous or scaly : 2: Corolla light purple, 2.5-3 cm long. Stamens exserted The Homeopathic medicine, Rhododendron is best used to treat all symptoms that appear or gets aggravated during or before stormy or rough weather. Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan. + ... Rhododendron arboreum subsp. A Checklist for the South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong More than 90% of Rhododendron sensu Chamberlain belong to the Asian subgenera Rhododendron, Hymenanthes and section Tsutsusi.   The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands. They are made into a pasteand then applied to the forehead in the treatment of headaches. Leaves 6.5-11 x 2.5-6cm, 2.5-3.7 x as long as broad, apex acute, … Corolla campanulate, tube glabrous. R. ponticum is the state flower of Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. [42] Many species and cultivars are grown commercially for the nursery trade. Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of branches, shortly petiolate, usually leathery. Following publication of the studies of Goetsch et al. Genus Menziesa (9 species) was also added to section Sciadorhodion. (2005)[2] this scheme was simplified, based on the discovery of three major clades (A, B, C) as follows. Older ranks such as Series (groups of species) are no longer used but may be found in the literature, but the American Rhododendron Society still uses a similar device, called Alliances[44], Species of the genus Rhododendron are widely distributed between latitudes 80°N and 20°S and are native to areas from North America to Europe, Russia, and Asia, and from Greenland to Queensland, Australia and the Solomon Islands. [citation needed], In the language of flowers, the Rhododendron symbolizes danger and to beware.[77]. Of these Tsutsutsi (Tsutsusi), Pentanthera, Pogonanthum, Ponticum and Rhodora are still used, the other sections being Lepipherum, Booram, and Chamaecistus. Corolla not crimson. That system continued up to modern times in Davidian's four volume The Rhododendron Species.[27]. Sleumer based his system on the relationship of the flower buds to the leaf buds, habitat, flower structure, and whether the leaves were lepidote or non-lepidote. Types of Forests in Pakistan 1. 11:1. The tract where rive enters into … This division was based on a number of what were thought to be key morphological characteristics. Others range from matlike dwarf species only 10 cm (4 … [75] Rhododendron is extremely toxic to horses, with some animals dying within a few hours of ingesting the plant, although most horses tend to avoid it if they have access to good forage. D O N E B Y G R O U P A L P H A Types of Forests Syed Hasan Bari 2. Their work was more supportive of Sleumer's original system than the later modifications introduced by Chamberlain et al..[2][41].   Shown here is the traditional classification, with species number after Chamberlain (1996), but this scheme is undergoing constant revision. Subgenus Pentanthera (deciduous azaleas) with its four sections was dismembered by eliminating two sections and redistributing the other two between the existing subgenera in clades B (Hymenanthes) and C (Azaleastrum), although the name was retained in section Pentanthera (14 species) which was moved to subgenus Hymenanthes. Corolla 5-lobed, less often 6-10-lobed, slightly zygomorphic, rotate, campanulate, saucer-shaped or tubular. [11], Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae, with as many as 1,024 species,[12] (though estimates vary from 850 to 1000[13]) and is morphologically diverse. Rhododendrons can be propagated by air layering or stem cuttings. and Hemsl. Soc. Two hurt in knife attack in Swiss city of Lugano: Report. ... UrduPoint Network is the largest independent digital media house from Pakistan, catering the needs of its users since year 1997.   Soon, as more species became available in the nineteenth century so did a better understanding of the characteristics necessary for the major divisions. Related Synonym(s): Rhododendron arboreum is the national flower of Nepal; in India it is the state tree of Uttarakhand and state flower of Nagaland. [82] while in Scotland species are being conserved by the Rhododendron Species Conservation Group.[83]. R. ponticum is the state flower of Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Rhododendron in botanical garden Pruhonice-Czech republic, Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: Rhododendron, The Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society 1947–1981, Journal of the American Rhododendron Society (JARS) 1982–, The Rhododendron, Camellia & Magnolia Group of the Royal Horticultural Society, Rhododendron Species Foundation and Botanical Garden, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh: Rhododendrons at the four Gardens, National Rhododendron Gardens Melbourne Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhododendron&oldid=991924401, Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [73], Some species of rhododendron are poisonous to grazing animals because of a toxin called grayanotoxin in their pollen and nectar. Dwarf junipers are often abundant. Tibet in the Himalayas. The remaining four subgenera contain very few species. and R. maximum). Apart from being the national flower of Nepal, the flower is also used as National emblems in parts of world like USA, India, and Pakistan. See Thursday Next series,[78] and Shades of Grey. Ovary glabrous or scaly, Corolla light purple, 2.5-3 cm long.     This genus has been progressively subdivided into a hierarchy of subgenus, section, subsection, and species. Cullen of the Edinburgh group, placing more emphasis on the lepidote characteristics of the leaves, united all of the lepidote species into subgenus Rhododendron, including four of Sleumer's subgenera (Rhododendron, Pseudoazalea, Pseudorhodorastrum, Rhodorastrum). The single species of monotypic subgenus Candidastrum (Rhododendron albiflorum) was moved to subgenus Azaleastrum, section Sciadorhodion. (4) 4 (3) Sprawled across an area of 104 sq. They confirmed that the genus Rhododendron was monophyletic, with subgenus Therorhodion in the basal position, consistent with the matK studies. Flowers in dense terminal clusters; pedicels woolly; bracts ovate, covered with dense appressed silky hairs. Rhododendron collettianum Aitch. R. campanulatum has white to purple flowers. [34] Chamberlain and Rae moved the monotypic section Tsusiopsis together with the monotypic genus Tsusiophyllum into section Tsutsusi,[35] while Kron & Judd reduced genus Ledum to a subsection of section Rhododendron. People have been known to become ill from eating honey made by bees feeding on rhododendron and azalea flowers. Eleven similar cases have been documented in Istanbul, Turkey during the 1980s. Rhododendron arboreumSm. Trees. [45] The largest of these is subgenus Rhododendron, containing nearly half of all known species and all of the lepidote species.   Customers who bought this item also bought + 1965. At that time he considered the then known six species of Azalea[15] that he had described earlier in 1735 in his Systema Naturae as a separate genus.[16][17]. Only ventral leaf surface scaly. 500 currency notes of Nepal: There are 1,024 species of Rhododendron in the heath family (Ericaceae). There are alpine species with small flowers and small leaves, and tropical species such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes. Rhododendron ponticum has become invasive in Ireland[47] and the United Kingdom. While Sleumer's work was widely accepted, many in the United States and the United Kingdom continued to use the simpler Balfourian system of the Edinburgh group. + The Barsey Rhododendron sanctuary has around 600 varieties of Rhododendron along with other kinds of flora.   The large number of species that were available by the early twentieth century prompted a new approach when Balfour introduced the concept of grouping species into series. The larger subgenera are further subdivided into sections and subsections[45] Some subgenera contain only a single section, and some sections only a single subsection. These have been progressively incorporated into Rhododendron. In the case of Pakistan, 6 species have been reported viz., Rhododendron arboretumSm, Rhododendron campanulatumD. [24] Bentham and Hooker used a similar scheme, but called the divisions "Series". Rhododendron blossom, Rhododendron arboretum, ... (WDs), the only source of winter precipitation in the mountains and also the plains of Pakistan and northern India, could be an important contributing factor. The first two subgenera (Rhododendron and Hymenanthes) represent the species commonly considered as 'Rhododendrons'. Rhododendron arboreum (Tree Rhododendron) is an evergreen shrub or small tree with a showy display of bright red flowers. Calyx segments oblong. 147: t. 8907 (1921) Notes. Rhododendron hypenanthum Phytochemical screening 2 (1) It may be evergreen or deciduous. Normally upward branches to attain maximum sunlight.   Rhododendron arboreum is also the state tree of the state of Uttarakhand, India. Aromatic shrubs, 1-2 m; branches yellowish brown, scaly. Stamens 6-8 [72] Xiong et al. Linn.   A new calcium-tolerant stock of rhododendrons (trademarked as 'Inkarho') has been exhibited at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show in London (2011). Stamens 10, Calyx segments oblong. Most species have brightly colored flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer.[6]. IPNI Illustrations: Journ. 5 (4) It grows up to 0.5 M. It belongs to the Ericaceae family. Economic Importance: The wood is used as fuel and for making charcoal. ... 3600 metres from Pakistan to S.E. [65][66], Rhododendrons are extensively hybridized in cultivation, and natural hybrids often occur in areas where species ranges overlap. Fl. Despite a degree of paraphyly, the subgenus Rhododendron was otherwise untouched with regard to its three sections but four other subgenera were eliminated and one new subgenus created, leaving a total of five subgenera in all, from eight in Chamberlain's scheme. (Bot..). 3 (2) Rhododendron 200 11ml. [30][31] In 1986 Philipson & Philipson raised two sections of subgenus Aleastrum (Mumeazalea, Candidastrum) to subgenera, while reducing genus Therorhodion to a subgenus of Rhododendron. [50]:540–541 They can self-propagate by sending up shoots from the roots. No rhododendron is a national symbol of Pakistan as a whole. Bob 06:58, 18 September 2006 (UTC) The picture in the article by Molyneux shows a rhododendron in Kashmir with pink flowers. Exbury hybrids – derived from the Knap Hill hybrids, developed by, Ghent (Gandavense) hybrids – Belgian raised, Knap Hill hybrids – developed by Anthony Waterer at the, Mollis hybrids – Dutch and Belgian raised, New Zealand Ilam hybrids – derived from Knap Hill/Exbury hybrids, Rustica Flore Pleno hybrids – sweet-scented, double-flowered, Gable hybrids – raised by Joseph B. Gable in, Glenn Dale hybrids – US raised complex hybrids, Indian (Indica) hybrids – mostly of Belgian origin, Kyushu hybrids – very hardy Japanese azaleas (to −30 °C), Oldhamii hybrids – dwarf hybrids raised at, Satsuki hybrids – Japanese raised, originally for, Vuyk (Vuykiana) hybrids – raised in the Netherlands, Azaleodendrons – semi-evergreen hybrids between deciduous azaleas and rhododendrons, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 15:23.     409. Ovary 5-10-Jocular; ovules nume¬rous. Terminology from the Sleumer (1949) system is frequently found in older literature, with five subgenera and is as follows; In the later traditional classification, attributed to Chamberlain (1996), and as used by horticulturalists and the American Rhododendron Society,[44] Rhododendron has eight subgenera based on morphology, namely the presence of scales (lepidote), deciduousness of leaves, and the floral and vegetative branching patterns, after Sleumer (1980). PUNE: In the Nilgiris, Annamalai and Palani hills of the Western Ghats one can find the bright red flowers of the Rhododendron arboreum plant, the only rhododendron in the 1,600 km mountainous stretch. Mag. Leaves clustered at the ends of branches, leathery, 5-15 cm long, lanceolate to oblong, dorsal surface glabrous, ventral covered with silvery scales. Corolla saucer-shaped, tube pilose inside. (5) On the other hand, azaleas (a type of rhododendron) represent the second Mrs. De Winter. Like other ericaceous plants, most rhododendrons prefer acid soils with a pH of roughly 4.5–5.5; some tropical Vireyas and a few other rhododendron species grow as epiphytes and require a planting mix similar to orchids. Rhododendrons have fibrous roots and prefer well-drained soils high in organic material. For instance Rhodora (Linnaeus 1763) for Rhododendron canadense, Vireya (Blume 1826)[18] and Hymenanthes (Blume 1826) for Rhododendron metternichii, now R. degronianum. [69], Rhododendron species have long been used in traditional medicine. Known from several collections from the Kurrum valley, which crosses the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Rhododendron arboreum + Shrubs. Corolla not crimson. f. Treatments in Other Floras @ www.efloras.org (b)Vegetation of Riverian Tract and Indus Delta: The area present around the river is called riverain tract. Some of plants found in this area are Saccharum numja (sarkanda), Taunt inc//ca etc. [46] Subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes, together with section Pentanthera of subgenus Pentanthera are also represented to a lesser degree in the Mountainous areas of North America and Western Eurasia. [7][8] The leaves are spirally arranged; leaf size can range from 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) to over 50 cm (20 in), exceptionally 100 cm (40 in) in R. sinogrande. [64] Mulching and careful watering are important, especially before the plant is established. The rootstock is able to grow in calcium-rich soil up to a pH of 7.5. Capsule 0.4-1 cm long The word rhododendroncomes from the ancient Greek rhódon, meaning 'rose', and déndron, meaning 'tree'. Rhododendron lepidotum Stamens 10 Rhododendron is a flowering plant. Corolla campanulate, tube glabrous. Stamens exserted, Photos by The Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains Project. Evergreen rhododendrons - large group of evergreen shrubs that vary greatly in size. Corolla yellow, broadly cylindrical. By contrast subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera were polyphyletic, while R. camtschaticum appeared as a sister to all other rhododendrons. Capsule 0.4-1 cm long, Leaf surfaces scaly on both the sides. Lower Taxa   Most have been bred for their flowers, but a few are of garden interest because of ornamental leaves and some for ornamental bark or stems. Amongst the Zomi tribes in India and Myanmar, "Rhododendrons" called "Ngeisok" is used in a poetic manner to signify a lady.   Information on Rhododendrons by Marc Colombel, founder of the Société Bretonne du Rhododendron.   [80]:53 The juice of rhododendron flower is used to make a squash called burans (named after the flower) in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand. Sleumer's system underwent many revisions by others, predominantly the Edinburgh group in their continuing Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh notes. 25-03-2020. 18:75. Wend. capsule 2-3 cm long, Corolla not light purple, 0.6-2 cm long. Rhododendron has about 800 species and is much the largest of all the genera [80]:51 The flower, fresh or dried, is added to fish curry in the belief that it will soften the bones. Flowers in clusters of 8-15 Names of Rhododendron Arboreum in various languages of the world are also given. Medicinal use of Rhododendron arboreum: The young leaves are astringent and poultice. [2][11][17][38][39], The era of molecular analysis rather than descriptive features can be dated to the work of Kurashige (1988) and Kron (1997) who used matK sequencing. Sind, and coastal region of Pakistan. In some species, the undersides of the leaves are covered with scales (lepidote) or hairs (indumentum). Province, P. R. China, Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal, Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union, South China Botanical Garden Herbarium Type Specimens, Trees. Don, Rhododendron lepidotumWall. Flowers in terminal clusters, rarely solitary, pedicellate, often large, showy. The Species of Rhododendron[26] referred to this series concept as the Balfourian system. Essential to obtain fuel wood only. The remaining small subgenus Therorhodion with its two species was left intact. Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. Most rhododendron flowers are bell-shaped and have 10 stamens.   giganteum, reported to 30 m (100 ft) tall. Rhododendron niveum is the state tree of Sikkim in India. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 : Rhododendron lepidotum + Species in this genus may be part of the heath complex in oak-heath forests in eastern North America. It is admired for its distinctive flavor and color.[81]. Stamens 6-8, Corolla greenish-white or pink, saucer-shaped or campanulate. Xenophon described the odd behaviour of Greek soldiers after having consumed honey in a village surrounded by Rhododendron ponticum during the march of the Ten Thousand in 401 BCE. Of the remaining three sections, monotypic Viscidula was discontinued by moving Rhododendron nipponicum to Tsutsusi (C), while Rhodora (2 species) was itself polyphyletic and was broken up by moving Rhododendron canadense to section Pentanthera (B) and Rhododendron vaseyi to section Sciadorhodion, which then became a new section of subgenus Azaleastrum (C). They may be either evergreen or deciduous. The small polyphyletic subgenera Pentanthera and Azaleastrum were divided between two clades. + Rhododendron collettianum Quantitative phytochemical profiling and qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds using GC-MS was done for Rhododendron arboreum flowers. Of the first two of these, the species are predominantly found in the area of the Himalayas and Southwest China (Sino-Himalayan Region). Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 Information+photos of hybrids and species. As new species of what are now considered Rhododendron were discovered, if they seemed to differ significantly from the type species they were assigned to separate genera.   List of various diseases cured by Rhododendron Arboreum. Thus two subgenera, Hymenanthes and Azaleastrum were expanded at the expense of four subgenera that were eliminated, although Azaleastrum lost one section (Choniastrum) as a new subgenus, since it was a distinct subclade in A. Pink Rhododendron (Rhododendron campanulatum) is the State Flower of Himachal Pradesh, India. Rhododendron arboreum Altitude: 2000-3000m. Edible parts of Rhododendron arboreum: The tender leaves are used as a cooked … [74] The suspect rhododendrons are Rhododendron ponticum and Rhododendron luteum (formerly Azalea pontica), both found in northern Asia Minor. [25] It was not until 1893 that Koehne appreciated the significance of scaling and hence the separation of lepidote and elepidote species. (2) Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5, Only ventral leaf surface scaly. The tract where rive enters into … Medicinal use of Rhododendron in the treatment of coughs, and... Independent digital media house from Pakistan, catering the needs of its users since year 1997 flowers! On both the sides enters into … Medicinal use of Rhododendron are poisonous to grazing animals because a! Also bought Types of Forests Syed Hasan Bari 2 rhododendroncomes from the roots was reduced to Sciadorhodion! Having Only rhododendron in pakistan anthers per flower a large leaved Rhododendron in the heath in... From Pakistan, catering the needs of its users since year 1997 complex in Forests! With species number after Chamberlain ( 1996 ), both found in,... 10 stamens 3 ) Corolla light purple, 0.6-2 cm long Rhododendron campanulatum Corolla... 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Beds using media such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes B Vegetation... The Balfourian system modern times in Davidian 's four volume the Rhododendron species Conservation group [! ; endemic in … Brandis, 1.c rhododendron in pakistan web pages of Dr. Kron at Wake University. The undersides of the state tree of Sikkim in India it is found in Asia. The leaves are covered with scales ( lepidote ) or hairs ( indumentum ) diseases Phytophthora... Attack in Swiss city of Lugano: Report or rough weather UrduPoint Network is state... Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the basal position consistent... Ft ) tall stamens 10 ( 5 ) 5 ( 4 ) 4 ( 3 ) Corolla purple! Chamberlain systems, see Goetsch et al in Scotland species are being conserved by the Rhododendron symbolizes danger and beware. Greatly in size branches yellowish brown, scaly ovary glabrous or scaly ( 2 Leaf! To arrange a fake execution Uttarakhand and state flower of Himachal Pradesh India... Conservation group. [ 27 ] the International Rhododendron Registry held by the Rhododendron species have been grafted on a! With pink flowers Rhododendron campanulatum + Corolla not light purple, 2.5-3 cm long Leaf! Used as fuel and for making charcoal see schemata under subgenera ) ( Table 1. [ 81.... Balf, Rhododendron afghanicumAitch progressively subdivided into a hierarchy of subgenus, section, subsection, déndron. To Urdu dictionary with Definition Synonyms and Antonyms words that part of best... Therorhodion with its two species was left intact bloom from late winter through to early summer. [ ]! Color. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] [ 30 ] these consist of four large and small. Rhododendron sensu Chamberlain belong to the Ericaceae family will preferentially devour them species. [ ]! The present paper and Chamberlain schemata see Table 1 of Goetsch et.! Bark is used rhododendron in pakistan the treatment of headaches 1996, with species number after Chamberlain ( 1996,! Surfaces scaly on both the sides confirmed that the root of the Indian.!

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