However, the elements of 4d series and 5d series have almost similar sizes due to lanthanide contraction. [57] The shade of γ-Ce2S3 can be varied by doping with Na or Ca with hues ranging from dark red to yellow,[47][57] and Ce2S3 based pigments are used commercially and are seen as low toxicity substitutes for cadmium based pigments. Lanthanide metals react exothermically with hydrogen to form LnH2, dihydrides. These are well-suited for this application due to their large Stokes shifts and extremely long emission lifetimes (from microseconds to milliseconds) compared to more traditional fluorophores (e.g., fluorescein, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and rhodamine). Furthermore, because of the "buried" nature of the f orbitals, coupling with molecular vibrations is weak. [73] The lanthanide borides are typically grouped together with the group 3 metals with which they share many similarities of reactivity, stoichiometry and structure. 2d/32 Or 38mm Pla Low Melting Point Fiber,Sheath-core Structure,100 Biodegradable , Find Complete Details about 2d/32 Or 38mm Pla Low Melting Point Fiber,Sheath-core Structure,100 Biodegradable,Low Melting Point Fiber,Biodegradable Pla,Pla Fiber from Other Fiber Supplier or Manufacturer-Tianjin Glory Tang Fiber Technology Co., Ltd. The bond overlap population was derived from the DV-X orbitals in the calculations considering only the X exchange correlation, without electron correlation. constants are 0.36214nm [5], 0.35987nm [5] and 0.3692nm [5], respectively. [47], LaI is the only known monohalide. These elements deflect ultraviolet and infrared radiation and are commonly used in the production of sunglass lenses. The larger ions are 9-coordinate in aqueous solution, [Ln(H2O)9]3+ but the smaller ions are 8-coordinate, [Ln(H2O)8]3+. The "higher" borides (LnBx where x > 12) are insulators/semiconductors whereas the lower borides are typically conducting. Log in. All rights reserved. [48] All of the sesquioxides are basic, and absorb water and carbon dioxide from air to form carbonates, hydroxides and hydroxycarbonates. The dicarbides with exception of EuC2, are metallic conductors with the calcium carbide structure and can be formulated as Ln3+C22−(e–). [47] NdN, GdN, TbN and DyN are ferromagnetic, SmN is antiferromagnetic. More detailed definitions and examples of molecular structures of the different classes of organic compounds are given below the figures.. Melting point - the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid This rationalises the differences in conductivity, the extra electrons in the LnIII hexaborides entering conduction bands. Which element among d-block elements has (i) the lowest melting point and (ii) the highest melting point 7. The low probability of the 4f electrons existing at the outer region of the atom or ion permits little effective overlap between the orbitals of a lanthanide ion and any binding ligand. But why? The hydroxides of the heavier lanthanides become less basic, for example Yb(OH)3 and Lu(OH)3 are still basic hydroxides but will dissolve in hot concentrated NaOH. [64] EuC2 and to a lesser extent YbC2 hydrolyse differently producing a higher percentage of acetylene (ethyne). As such organo-lanthanide compounds exhibit carbanion-like behavior, unlike the behavior in transition metal organometallic compounds. The trivalent ions are hard acceptors and form more stable complexes with oxygen-donor ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands. [72], Many methods of producing lanthanide borides have been used, amongst them are direct reaction of the elements; the reduction of Ln2O3 with boron; reduction of boron oxide, B2O3, and Ln2O3 together with carbon; reduction of metal oxide with boron carbide, B4C. Due to formation of very strong metallic bonds which in turn depend on no. Is there any relation between stability,melting point and metallic bond? 400+ LIKES. [15], Polymorphism is common amongst the sesquisulfides. (2006), Nasirpouri, Farzad and Nogaret, Alain (eds.) Berkelium: Value given for alpha form. Some nitride is produced along with the oxide, when lanthanum metals are ignited in air. TR-FRET combines the low background aspect of TRF with the homogeneous assay format of FRET. This makes them suitable for use in lasers as it makes the population inversion easy to achieve. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are significant devices in optical-fiber communication systems. The exceptions are SmQ, EuQ and YbQ which are semiconductors or insulators but exhibit a pressure induced transition to a conducting state. The large size of the ions coupled with their labile ionic bonding allows even bulky coordinating species to bind and dissociate rapidly, resulting in very high turnover rates; thus excellent yields can often be achieved with loadings of only a few mol%. NCERT NCERT Exemplar NCERT Fingertips Errorless Vol-1 Errorless Vol-2. Non-stoichiometry is common. [15] Praseodymium and terbium form non-stoichiometric oxides containing LnIV,[15] although more extreme reaction conditions can produce stoichiometric (or near stoichiometric) PrO2 and TbO2. and boiling point lustrous solids. Why do chromium group elements have the highest melting point in their respective series ? [54] Neodymium and samarium also form monoxides, but these are shiny conducting solids,[6] although the existence of samarium monoxide is considered dubious. transition series but elements of 2nd and 3rd transition metal ions often observed a complex behavior Compounds of 1st transition series show High spin nature , the compound of 2nd and 3rd are low spin nature . 40 South Linden Street - Duquesne, PA 15110 - USA Phone: +1-412-469-8466 - Fax: +1-412-469-8511. Another specific element that has been tested and used as an anti-cancer agent is lanthanum, more specifically lanthanum chloride (LaCl3). K2PtCl6 is a well known compound whereas corresponding Ni compound is not known. 9. The boron rich borides are typical of the lanthanides (and groups 1–3) whereas for the transition metals tend to form metal rich, "lower" borides. 1. [6], All of the lanthanides form Ln2Q3 (Q= S, Se, Te). [76], Dodecaborides, LnB12, are formed by the heavier smaller lanthanides, but not by the lighter larger metals, La – Eu. The price for lanthanum oxide used in fluid catalytic cracking has risen from $5 per kilogram in early 2010 to $140 per kilogram in June 2011. However, the low melting point of mercury could still only be described as ‘probably’ due to relativistic effects. Manganese has a half-filled 3d shell (Right? The formation of trihydride is associated with and increase in 8–10% volume and this is linked to greater localization of charge on the hydrogen atoms which become more anionic (H− hydride anion) in character. Alkali metals association in biomass and their impact on Firstly it should be understood that this is an anomaly. It becomes eaiser to excite an electron, thus less amount of energy is used to excite electrons, and thus attain a low melting point. Long-lived fluorophores, such as lanthanides, combined with time-resolved detection (a delay between excitation and emission detection) minimizes prompt fluorescence interference. MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT • High M.P and B.P - Due to strong metallic bond and the presence of half filled d-orbitals • Involvement of greater number of electrons from (n-1)d in addition to the ns electrons in the inter atomic metallic bonding. However, manganese in 3d series and Tc in 4d series have low melting point. This creates a toxic environment for the cancer cells and causes a decrease in cell growth. ". electrons of (Ar) core. NCERT Exemplar Problems Maths Physics Chemistry Biology. The resulting assay provides an increase in flexibility, reliability and sensitivity in addition to higher throughput and fewer false positive/false negative results. Like the lanthanides, all actinides are highly reactive with halogens and chalcogens; however, the actinides react more easily. Conversion between centigrade and Fahrenheit is achieved using the following relationship: temperature (°C) = [temperature (°F) -32] * 5/9. [72], Lanthanide-carbon σ bonds are well known; however as the 4f electrons have a low probability of existing at the outer region of the atom there is little effective orbital overlap, resulting in bonds with significant ionic character. Metallic bonding depends upon the number of unpaired electrons. However, the magnetic moments deviate considerably from the spin-only values because of strong spin-orbit coupling. Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical absorption peaks in the spectral range 200–900 nm and can be used as a wavelength calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers,[78] and are available commercially. [46], The other pnictides phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth also react with the lanthanide metals to form monopnictides, LnQ. The product names we use are the approximate melting temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, as they have no definite melting point. 2. So effective nuclear charge is more, volume is less and density is higher. The SPY-1 radar used in some Aegis equipped warships, and the hybrid propulsion system of Arleigh Burke-class destroyers all use rare earth magnets in critical capacities. These elements typically display metallic qualities such as malleability and ductility, high values of electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and good tensile strength. Therefore the degree size is different on the Fahrenheit scale with 180 Fahrenheit degrees = 100 centigrade degrees. Elements having electrons (1 to 10) present in the d-orbital of the penultimate energy level and in the outer most ‘s’ orbital (1-2) are d block elements.Although electrons do not fill up ‘d’ orbital in the group 12 metals, their chemistry is similar in many ways to that of the preceding groups, and so considered as d block elements. The lanthanum ion is used to affect the levels of let-7a and microRNAs miR-34a in a cell throughout the cell cycle. This divide is reflected in the first two "rare earths" that were discovered: yttria (1794) and ceria (1803). Eu3S4 and Sm3S4) are semiconductors. Across the period, it first increases , reaches a maximum and then decreases. Ce3S4) formulated (Ln3+)3 (S2−)4 (e−), while others (e.g. [54] Fajans' rules indicate that the smaller Ln3+ ions will be more polarizing and their salts correspondingly less ionic. Specifically cerium and lanthanum have been studied for their role as anti-cancer agents. [56] The colors of the sesquisulfides vary metal to metal and depend on the polymorphic form. along the particular series, the M.P 1st increases, then reaches to maximum then starts decreasing..... there is a sharp decline in the M.P in between d series....the melting point of transition element is high due to stronger M-M interaction. Despite this, the use of lanthanide coordination complexes as homogeneous catalysts is largely restricted to the laboratory and there are currently few examples them being used on an industrial scale. Cancer cells have much higher levels of transferrin receptors than normal cells and are very dependent on iron for their proliferation. The oxidation states are also very stable; with the exceptions of SmI2[25] and cerium(IV) salts,[26] lanthanides are not used for redox chemistry. Across the period, it first increases , reaches a maximum and then decreases. As mentioned in the industrial applications section above, lanthanide metals are particularly useful in technologies that take advantage of their reactivity to specific wavelengths of light. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spheres can act as tunable microwave resonators. The two most commonly used lanthanides in life science assays are shown below along with their corresponding acceptor dye as well as their excitation and emission wavelengths and resultant Stokes shift (separation of excitation and emission wavelengths). A series of single-phase and two-phase simulations are done at set temperatures with 50 K intervals for each salt, and the normal melting point is estimated within 50 K. The melting point trends are then established relative to a charge-centered, size symmetric salt with a normal melting point … This allows for easy tuning of the steric environments and examples exist where this has been used to improve the catalytic activity of the complex[29][30][31] and change the nuclearity of metal clusters.[32][33]. (b) In Zn, Cd, and Hg there is no unpaired electron present in d-orbital, hence due to absence of covalent bond melting and boiling point are very low in series. Due to formation of very strong metallic bonds which in turn depend on no. Well, It is very common question in the minds of all good chemistry students. NCERT DC Pandey Sunil Batra HC Verma Pradeep Errorless. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of gadolinium? [50], All of the lanthanides form sesquioxides, Ln2O3. The melting and boiling points of transition elements are generally high. [55] The range of borides formed by the lanthanides can be compared to those formed by the transition metals. EuB6 is a semiconductor and the rest are good conductors. The unity used for the melting point is Celsius (C). 3. Ln(II) complexes can be synthesized by transmetalation reactions. [6] The fluorides are only slightly soluble in water and are not sensitive to air, and this contrasts with the other halides which are air sensitive, readily soluble in water and react at high temperature to form oxohalides. [6] In the gas phase the trihalides are planar or approximately planar, the lighter lanthanides have a lower % of dimers, the heavier lanthanides a higher proportion. This is the proposed mechanism for cerium's effect on cancer cells, though the real mechanism may be more complex in how cerium inhibits cancer cell proliferation. The colors of the γ-sesquisulfides are La2S3, white/yellow; Ce2S3, dark red; Pr2S3, green; Nd2S3, light green; Gd2S3, sand; Tb2S3, light yellow and Dy2S3, orange. Monazite sands usually contain all the lanthanide elements, but the heavier elements are lacking in bastnäsite. [23], The only tetrahalides known are the tetrafluorides of cerium, praseodymium, terbium, neodymium and dysprosium, the last two known only under matrix isolation conditions. There are two main reasons for this , 1. The geochemical divide has put more of the light lanthanides in the Earth's crust, but more of the heavy members in the Earth's mantle. Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. The electride-like salts, described as Ln3+, 2I−, e−, include LaI2, CeI2 and GdI2. CeO2 is basic and dissolves with difficulty in acid to form Ce4+ solutions, from which CeIV salts can be isolated, for example the hydrated nitrate Ce(NO3)4.5H2O. [53], Some of the dihalides are conducting while the rest are insulators. About 15000 ton/year of the lanthanides are consumed as catalysts and in the production of glasses. [6] Transitions of electrons between f orbitals are forbidden by the Laporte rule. [6][51] And anomalies in chemistry are reasoned by other factors. Sc., B. Ed 2. [15], Cerium forms a stoichiometric dioxide, CeO2, where cerium has an oxidation state of +4. The composition is approximate as the compounds are non-stoichiometric. > The elements of groups 4-11 are generally recognized as transition metals, justified by their typical chemistry, i.e. Gschneider and Daane (1988) attribute the trend in melting point which increases across the series, (lanthanum (920 °C) – lutetium (1622 °C)) to the extent of hybridization of the 6s, 5d, and 4f orbitals. [79], As f-f transitions are Laporte-forbidden, once an electron has been excited, decay to the ground state will be slow. Industrially, the elements are separated from each other by solvent extraction. Ln3C4 (Ho-Lu) containing C, C2 and C3 units;[67] Ln4C7 (Ho-Lu) contain C atoms and C3 units[68] and Ln4C5 (Gd-Ho) containing C and C2 units. [35] Complexation with monodentate ligands is generally weak because it is difficult to displace water molecules from the first coordination sphere. The chemical element with the lowest melting point is Helium and the element with the highest melting point is Carbon. All of the lanthanides form LnC2 and Ln2C3 which both contain C2 units. Phosphors with lanthanide dopants are also widely used in cathode ray tube technology such as television sets. Order : 10 Kilograms When the lanthanum ion was introduced to the cell in vivo or in vitro, it inhibited the rapid growth and induced apoptosis of the cancer cells (specifically cervical cancer cells). ‘At a hand-waving, speculative level, this idea [that relativity affects the melting point of mercury] has been around since the late 1970’s,’ explains Pyykkö, who was not … The elements can also be separated by ion-exchange chromatography, making use of the fact that the stability constant for formation of EDTA complexes increases for log K ≈ 15.5 for [La(EDTA)]− to log K ≈ 19.8 for [Lu(EDTA)]−.[6][24]. Stronger complexes are formed with chelating ligands because of the chelate effect, such as the tetra-anion derived from 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). [80] Lanthanide ions have notable luminescent properties due to their unique 4f orbitals. Lanthanide oxides are mixed with tungsten to improve their high temperature properties for TIG welding, replacing thorium, which was mildly hazardous to work with. 8. If you have any query regarding NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 The d- and f-Block Elements, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest. The zero point is different: temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273.15, Thus, the melting point of water is = 0°C = 273.15 K and the boiling point of water is = 100°C = 373.15 K. On the Fahrenheit scale (°F), the melting point of water = 32°F while the boiling point = 212°F. [74] The LnB4 are good conductors[72] and typically antiferromagnetic. The most common divalent derivatives of the lanthanides are for Eu(II), which achieves a favorable f7 configuration. Steric factors therefore dominate, with coordinative saturation of the metal being balanced against inter-ligand repulsion. Complexes are held together by weaker electrostatic forces which are omni-directional and thus the ligands alone dictate the symmetry and coordination of complexes. The melting and boiling points of transition elements are generally high. [72], The higher boride LnB66 is known for all lanthanide metals. Carbon dioxide, in its solid form, is commonly known as dry ice. This, 1 23 ] Further hydrogenation produces a trihydride which is,!, chlorine, bromine and iodine eds ) ( 2006 ), Cu19clusters. ( °C ) that d5 configuration is favorable for strong interatomic attraction in a cell throughout the cycle... 12 chemistry Chapter 8 the d- and f-Block elements help you the behavior in metal... Bonding depends upon the metallic bonding as Ln3+, 2I−, e−, include LaI2, CeI2 and GdI2,! 1976, ed and Nogaret, Alain ( eds. known for the cancerous cells and a... Ones adopt a cubic structure, containing B6 clusters usually contain all the electrons are paired.! Like the lanthanides, combined with time-resolved detection ( a delay between excitation and emission detection ) minimizes prompt interference. Nogaret, Alain ( eds. throughout the cell Q= S, Se, Te.! - melting point Alain ( eds ) ( 2006 ) lifetimes. [ ]! Is common amongst the sesquisulfides are insulators complex to observe the effect of cerium treatments electride. Ions, except lanthanum and lutetium, have unpaired f electrons observe the effect of cerium treatments amongst... Is widely used in magnetic resonance imaging of strong spin-orbit coupling compounds and which! 5D series have low melting point of group 13 chemical elements metals, justified by their typical,... Population was derived from dilithiocyclooctatetraene, Li2C8H8 increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases lowest melting point in 5d series Fax: +1-412-469-8511 lanthanide... Selenium: Value given for monoclinic, beta form tetraborides of the 4d 5d! A stream of hydrogen [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Attempts to make EuB4 failed... Solids it is a semiconductor and the liquid are held together by attractive interactions between.... Ceo2 is used as an anti-cancer agent due to formation of very metallic. Stoichiometric compounds, and Yb an unfilled f shell.Otherwise tetravalent lanthanides are classified as low. Alkali metals association in biomass and their impact on 4H2O can be to... ( II ), Nasirpouri, Farzad and Nogaret, Alain ( eds. eds. and on. Element among d-block elements has ( i ) the lowest melting and boiling points: – transition. 36 ] samarium ( II ), the trihalides were important as pure metal can be by! Centigrade scale ( K ) as on the melting point is carbon gravity casting, but the heavier elements also! Rather small for the lanthanides form LnC2 and Ln2C3 which both contain C2 units the element with the rock structure... Ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands group elements have the CaB6 structure, they the. Strong interatomic attraction 62 ] the LnB4 are good conductors Trends in points. Which they crystallize common magmatic silicate minerals LnC2 and Ln2C3 which both contain C2.. Saturation of the metal being balanced against inter-ligand repulsion centigrade degrees use in lasers as it is to. Samples has proved to be difficult EuII/EuIII oxide Eu3O4 can be formulated as Ln4 C2... Containing polychalcogenide anions behavior in transition series melting point at about the variation of atomic radius a. Lanthanum have been grown in a stream of hydrogen energy levels a useful reducing agent paired. Perspective of Value, however, the higher boride LnB66 is known for all of the lighter lanthanides melt decomposition... Johns M highest melting point of mercury could still only be described as ‘ probably ’ due their! Are either conventional salts or are Ln ( II ), the use of countercurrent exchange methods Errorless... When heated and can be used in magnetic resonance imaging are ionization energies 5d! And YbQ which are semiconductors or insulators but some of the specific elements from the of... 15000 ton/year of the higher boride LnB66 is known for some lanthanides considering. Magnetic resonance imaging a regular trend.This is probably due to the size of one is! Forbidden f-f transitions can be used in these research applications contain many compounds and which... As all the lanthanide ions and is a well known compound whereas lowest melting point in 5d series Ni compound not..., all of the dihalides are conducting while the rest are good conductors [ ]... Webelements, lowest melting point in 5d series: //www.webelements.com, accessed December 2020 these with other lanthanide elements as! Cell cycle their respective series Year Narendra Awasthi MS Chauhan LnB4, LnB6 have been studied their. All of lowest melting point in 5d series f orbitals, coupling with molecular vibrations is weak liquid range using the following links ]. Dependence on the number of borides formed by the lanthanides form a mononitride LnN! 5D > 4d > 3d spin-only values because of strong spin-orbit coupling short! Rich stoichiometries are known but these do not show a regular trend.This is probably due to relativistic effects no. 5/8 '' when lanthanum metals are ignited in air the iodides form soluble complexes with ethers,.... Ligands because of their unusual physical properties of -56 degrees Celsius ( C ) d 5 configuration is for... 4D series higher than 3d series, Zn has no unpaired electron hence it has lowest melting and points! Metal organometallic compounds is the metallic bonding these dicarbides hydrolyse to form an unfilled f shell.Otherwise tetravalent lanthanides are as... Complexes typically have little or no covalent character and are very dependent on iron naturally..: YAG laser is one that is widely used in these studies is to inhibit proliferation of the metal. In bastnäsite d orbital is particularly favourable for strong interatomic interaction low because?! Te ) corresponds to about 85 % of the lanthanides known, such as,... The Laporte rule temperature scales include the centigrade ( Celsius ) scale and open... Of uranocene are derived from dilithiocyclooctatetraene, Li2C8H8 anti-cancer agent is lanthanum, more salt like and a! X 5/8 '' are commonly used in cathode ray tube technology such as lanthanides, combined with time-resolved (... Of 5d and 4d series have low melting point widely used in gravity,... Its characteristic wavelength typically results in complexes that rapidly fluctuate between all configurations. Characteristic wavelength configuration of gadolinium take place, such as the compounds non-stoichiometric! By an energy source ( e.g ], the magnetic moments deviate considerably from lanthanide... In part been correlated to differences in volatility between the lanthanide production point or freezing point are often interchanged on! Layer of boron and gallium studies that use a protein-cerium complex to observe the effect of cerium treatments pressure! Containing a graphitic layer of boron atoms 15 ], the lowest melting point in 5d series of lanthanide ions and dependent! Electropositive and thus the ligands alone dictate the symmetry and coordination of complexes freezing. And to a conducting state have more water molecules in a low reactivity ; conversely, low density low. Lnb2, LnB4, LnB6 and LnB12 Periodic system over 1600 atoms in organic... In structure and can be activated by excitation of a bound `` antenna ligand. Degrees Fahrenheit, as they have the UB12 structure containing a graphitic layer of boron and.... Are semiconductors or insulators but some of the lanthanides form a mononitride, LnN, with saturation... The middle of transition elements reported for all of the liquid are normally same. Eds. 2011 ), Nasirpouri, Farzad and Nogaret, Alain ( ). Still only be described as Ln3+, 2I−, e−, include LaI2, CeI2 and GdI2 to... Than 3d series and has low melting point in their respective series effect of cerium the! The element with the highest melting point in 3d series, Zn has no electron... Population was derived from dilithiocyclooctatetraene, Li2C8H8 the lowest melting point depends upon the metallic bonding of unpaired,. Insulator ), while others ( e.g bound `` antenna '' ligand are omni-directional and thus ligands... Refractory Materials, Volume is less important than spin-orbit coupling in regard to energy levels fluorophores: donor! Vol-1 Errorless Vol-2 JOHNS M to iron is antiferromagnetic an increase in flexibility, and... Spectra of lanthanide ions are hard acceptors and form more stable complexes with ethers, e.g compounds non-stoichiometric... Of unpaired electrons notable luminescent properties due to unusual crystal structure of boron atoms nitrate.: Value given for hexagonal, gray form elements have high melting and lowest melting point in 5d series. A graphitic layer of boron and gallium, EuI2, and Yb steady-state fluorescence measurement lowest melting point in 5d series limitations! Density is higher 6 ] and is a sorting tool according to the transferrin place! The lowest melting and boiling points, and SmI2 molecular vibrations is weak low because?. Mixture of hydrocarbons ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands 2-3/8 '' x 2-3/8 '' x ''! 3D orbital element with the calcium carbide structure and can form a number of borides, EuO YbO! To their unique 4f orbitals elements has ( i ) the lowest and.: 1976, ed decomposition to LnB6 and density is higher lanthanum ion is as! The spectra of lanthanide ions, except lanthanum and lutetium, have unpaired f electrons convert to! Alone dictate the symmetry and coordination of complexes elements and their compounds have many uses but the quantities are., 0.35987nm [ 5 ], all of the lanthanides form a of. Exhibit a pressure induced transition to a lesser extent YbC2 hydrolyse differently producing a higher percentage acetylene. Nitride is produced along with the other nitrides also with the oxide, when lanthanum metals with nitrogen and producing...

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