earthquake effects on dams

Researchers states that Terhi dam might release energy along the fault segment between Nepal and Tibet and also trigger an earthquake which has a magnitude close to or greater than 8.0. Damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may be resulted from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. One of the most serious cases was in 1967 in Koyna, India. The reservoir capacity is an important factor in triggering earthquakes as well as reservoir depth. Terhi dam in India has also similar position under dynamic loading conditions. The effect of reservoir loading on the existing stress field has been investigated by several studies [1, 5, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. earthquake for earth dams decreased approximately 4 0 percent. Its embankment with the structures on crest slid into the reservoir. After selection of earthquakes, static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses should be performed and liquefaction phenomenon and near source effect should be evaluated. Dam managers should be aware of the risk of rapidly emptying the reservoir immediately after a major earthquake, in the unjustified belief that they are proceeding in the safest way. Usually the main hazard, which is addressed in codes and regulations, is the earthquake ground shaking. Most of large dams in Turkey were analyzed by using these definitions [28]. The earthquake seismicity was firstly observed in 1929 for Marathon dam having 60 m height, Greece. For large dams located on non active seismic area, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) can be more critical. [8] states that damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may result from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) from ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. There are some important cases, which subjected to damages and failures after earthquake. There is another fact that dams with large reservoirs also trigger earthquake. JM DAVIES and JG YOUNG. Authors have explained the mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake by the earthquake of tectonic nature. The upstream and downstream shells are composed of large-sized crushed rocks. Whenever carrying out safety inspections on dams under construction in officially declared seismic areas or in any zones of this ilk, one must always take into account not only the normal static effects, but also those triggered by the earthquake. It has also a coarse grained soil zone obtained from river deposits and a random zone, which is composed of laminated limestone. The seismic hazard analyses performed throughout this study indicates that Ataturk dam is one of the most critical dams within the basin. After severe damages observed on this dam, dam engineers more seriously considered active or seismogenic faults on dam sites. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Also, in the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live. The geology of dam sites are very complicated and frequently jointed, fractured and faulted. In the last publication of [8], new earthquake definitions have been made. They cause loss of human life due to collapse of buildings. OBITUARY. For MDE and SEE, the PGA value averages to 0.197g and 0.408, respectively [31]. In general, strong ground shaking can result in the instability of the embankment and loss of strength at the foundations [2, 9, 16, 17]. Shaking an unstable slope that has been weakened after saturation by rises in ground water levels may produce a landslide into the reservoir. Recommend this journal An intensive grouting program was applied to prevent water leakage from the reservoir [28]. There are some examples in India for structures located at the northern India. Most of dams were small earth dams with exception of four large dams having a height greater than 100 m. According to Chinese officials the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, which is a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate, the rupture lasted 120 sec, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 km/s toward northeast. According to [9], safety requirements for concrete dams subjected to dynamic loadings should involve evaluation of the overall stability of the structure, such as verifying its ability to resist induced lateral forces and moments and preventing excessive cracking of the concrete. [7] states that the initial stress state must already be close to failure so that a minor change in strength properties in a fault plane caused by water in the reservoir could trigger seismic events and the magnitude of RTS events may gradually increase until the main shock occurs. The author points out the fact that these dams are under the influence of local near-source zone and have high-risk potential for earthquake conditions. (2) Hsinfengkiang dam, which a buttress dam having a height of 105 m in China. For beginning to a seismic hazard analysis, primary factors such as regional geological setting, seismic history and local geological setting should be studied, and then earthquake definitions should be executed. The available substructure method and computer program for the earthquake response analysis of arch dams, including the effects of dam‐water interaction, reservoir boundary absorption, and foundation rock flexibility, is extended to include the effects of dam‐foundation rock interaction with inertia and damping of the foundation rock considered. 7.1 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Motions 117. Hasan Tosun (May 20th 2015). This means one must consider both the inertial effect of the structural mass as well as that of the water in the artificial reservoir. The field studies indicates that the main factors acting reservoir seismicity are in-situ stress conditions, availability of fractures and faults, geology of the regional area, dimensions of the reservoir and the nature of reservoir level fluctuations. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the earthquake. [28] reveals the fact that active faults, which are very close to the foundation of dams, have the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure. Article copyright remains as specified within the article. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first known dam failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. Scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces. effect of the earthquake motions on the developed hydrodynamic pressure and it’s time-dependent variation on the upstream face of the dam. The reservoir level has maximally reached to 537 m up to now. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. Water within the rock masses under huge hydrostatic pressure acts to lubricate faults, which are already under tectonic strain, however are prevented from slipping by friction of rock planes. Terminology used for seismic analysis of dams varies between countries. N. M. Newmark. Rescue Mission. The seismic hazard analysis was performed for the dam by means of two separate methods. Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. 6.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 112. Arch dams have behaved well in earthquakes. Recently Searched . The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. No dams were failed during this earthquake, although there were so many damaged dams. P.G. Therefore, RTS should be defined sensitively as based on local geologic units and tectonic structures by means a detail seismic hazard analysis. Earthquakes inflict great damage to human structures such as buildings, roads, rails, factories, dams, bridges etc. Confidence in these applications of NDAs may be significantly improved by establishing calibration and analysis protocols … DESIGN CHARTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CIRCULAR COLUMNS IN ACCORDANCE WITH EUROCODE 2. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of earthquake direction on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams subjected to seismic sequences. The computer program used for seismic analysis should be available for the probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic hazard. Because dams located on active faults pose significant risk for total stability of project and public safety. HanPlasticity for structural engineers. A lot of people get killed and injured. The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis indicate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) changes within a wide range (0.057g and 0.203g) for OBE. Anaïs Lovera, Siavash Ghabezloo , Jean Sulem, Mark F. Randolph, Marc Kham and Elisabeth Palix. N. M. Newmark. For the seismic hazard analyses of the dam site, first all possible seismic sources were identified as based on the new seismic zonation map of Turkey by means of a software, which was developed at the Earthquake Research Center in Eskisehir Osmangazi University [29]. In the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live [34]. It was subjected to an earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 in 1967. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. This leads to increase in the pore-water-pressure of that area. Phenomenon about Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) mainly conforms for the reservoir filling periods. Damages due to RTS have been in two dams: (1) Koyna dam, which is gravity dam having 103 m height in India. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? It is clear that active faults, which are located close to dam sites, can induce to damaging deformation of the embankment as based on instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation materials. As a result of this study, the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was low for MDE. It means a 10 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years. Available from: From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures, Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments, Effects of dams on seismicity of the region, A case study on the reservoir triggered seismicity for an existing dam, Main design principles for dams located on active seismic area, Civil Engineering Department, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey. [7] classified two types of earthquakes associated with reservoirs while explaining the complicated mechanisms of RTS after the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China: (1) The small magnitude earthquakes, which occur immediately after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations are mainly related to stress adjustments in the foundation rock, collapse of karst caves and mining pits and mass movements, (2) Earthquakes, which are caused by seismicgenic faults passing through or adjacent to the reservoir area, are referred to as RTS. © 2015 The Author(s). It is not a negligible value that this mechanism should be considered by engineers in design stage. These PGA values are high. The effect of concrete degradation on the seismic response is also considered in the present study which would help in safety evaluation of the concrete gravity dam under consideration at any specific age. Its level fluctuates from 526 to 535 m as based on climate change and energy demand. The effect of the earthquake on inbound tourism in the whole considered area is summarized in the last three rows of Table 1, where the excess residuals are aggregated according to Equation 14 through the 12 districts. [31] state that earthquake safety of dams is an important phenomenon in dam engineering and requires more comprehensive seismic studies for understanding the seismic behavior of dams subjected to severe earthquakes. Therefore, some important factors listed below should be taken into account in design stage: Large dams must be designed with a capability of resisting severe earthquake motion or fault movement at the dam site without uncontrolled release of water stored in reservoir. Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. According to [3], MDE is normally characterized by a level of motion equal to that expected at the dam site from the occurrence of deterministically evaluated MCE and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) should be used for critical structures located in very active seismic area. It means a 50 percent probability of not being exceeded in 100 years. Built by scientists, for scientists. Given the excess residuals as reported in Table 2, the passage to monetary values is straightforward. The author expresses his gratitude to the authorities of State Hydraulics Works for providing some technical data during completion of this study. Abstract Dynamic effects on an arch dam should be taken into account for the ground motions. Wieland (2010) state that until the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 no large concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) was subjected to strong ground shaking. For fault movements in dam site, the Shih-Kang weir can be considered as good case study. Its crest length is 1 670 m and base width is approximately 900 m. It is located 35 km north of the Birecik dam reservoir and 120 km south of Karakaya dam body. Different ground motion effects and besides rigid and elastic foundation conditions are considered in the finite element analyses. Pile response to multi-directional lateral loading using P–y curves approach. The pseudo-static analyses reveals that the hydrodynamic pressure distribution is mostly parabolic and the maximum pressure occurs at the base (or near the base) of the dam. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect (earthquake epicenter to dam axis is less than 10 km). There is no any concrete dam, which was damaged as a result of earthquake in Turkey [25, 26]. This paper proposes an approach to economic assessment of the impact on tourist flows of the earthquake that hit the Umbria region in Central Italy on September 26, 1997. The maximum displacement was recorded as 9.0 m [6]. So many dams and hydropower plants were damaged. Effects of Earthquake. Recent surveys indicate that there are at least 100 cases of earthquakes, which were triggered by reservoirs. Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. The earthquake intensity has increased after impounding of Keban Dam, which is the second largest dam of Turkey with a storage capacity of 31000 hm3.and 207 m height from foundation [30]. Other potential earthquake triggers he … The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis provides a framework in which uncertainties can be identified and combined in a rational manner to provide a more complete picture of the seismic hazard [11]. If ther happens to be any known fault plane in the reservoir area, this sudden increase in pore-water-pressure … Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first example failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many dams and reservoirs had been subjected to strong ground shaking. 17 Crystal Springs Dam (a curved gravity type shown above) was undamaged by … Methods of analysis for a dam located on active seismic area in Turkey. Due to the unavailability of strong motion records, various attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) acting on dam sites. He questioned that faced concrete of CFRD’s can have a behavior as the river embankment which was subjected the 21 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan [32 and 33]. Also, Terbela dam with a reservoir of 13 690 hm3 in Pakistan can be classified as high risk dam when considered this phenomena. There is a transition section of sand, gravel and small sized crushed rock between the core and rockfill materials. 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